![]() ![]() A discussion is provided of the nature and role of black holes in the Universe, which are seen as an integral and obligatory part of all physical structures of the Cosmos. The probability is examined of the action of attraction forces due to electromagnetic interaction of rotating charged baryonic particles, instead of the classical Newton theory of gravitation, i.e., the law describing gravitational interaction in classical mechanics. These elements are H, D, and 3,4He at first, hydrogen turns into helium, and then helium transforms into carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., up to iron group elements. According to this model, the Universe has now been expanding for ~20 Ga, with the lightest elements forming during the first few seconds at T ~ 10 9 K as a result of nuclear fusion. As holes rotate onto our side of the Sun, the resulting increase in the solar wind's strength can cause more intense auroral displays (although the most intense storms are caused by Coronal Mass Ejections).New ideas are presented about the nature of the evolution of the Universe, which call for a deeper scientific understanding and reassessment of the existing views on the so-called Big Bang cosmological model. Coronal holes represent regions where field lines have become detached from the Sun, and when they are numerous, the solar wind is denser and more energetic. ![]() The open lines (in pale yellow) represent regions where the magnetic field lines extend into space, allowing portions of the atmosphere (that is, the solar wind) to escape into space. The closed loops (in white) represent regions where the solar atmosphere is held in by its magnetic field. The image below, taken a few hours earlier, superimposes magnetic field lines calculated from SDO measurements. ![]() To study the fainter outer regions the darker skies created by a total solar eclipse are needed, or better yet the pitch-black of outer space.Ībove, a Solar Dynamics Observatory image of the solar corona on Augshowing a large coronal hole (the dark region). With a coronagraph - a telescope which blocks the image of the solar disk so that the chromosphere and corona can be seen - the brightest portions of the corona can be studied but even then scattered sunlight makes observations difficult. The corona is only easily visible during a solar eclipse or from space. If you were looking at a solar eclipse the corona would appear much larger than shown here, but film and electronic sensors have a much smaller latitude (range of sensitivity) than our eyes, and to properly expose the outer regions of the corona the image would have to overexpose the inner regions. The prominences seen around the limb of the Moon extend from the chromosphere into the corona. The transition zone, which separates the corona from the chromosphere, is only a few thousand miles thick and appears in no way different from the regions above or below it. Image of total solar eclipse of Augshowing the chromosphere (the pinkish region surrounding the lunar disk) and the inner corona. The granulations form, change and reform over periods of the order of ten to twenty minutes. Therefore, the higher portions of the granulation are brighter compared to the lower portions. As they rise the hot blobs lift the surface and radiate more energy as they sink they pull the surface down and radiate less energy. Hot blobs of gas a few hundred miles across move upward at five to ten miles per second (faster than the speed of sound in the photosphere, but much slower than the speed of sound in the convective zone), cool off by radiating heat, then sink into the interior. It is caused by vertical mixing motions in the convective zone, just below the surface of the Sun. Granulation is a sort of "boiling rice" pattern visible on the photosphere. Note the darkening of the image near the "edge" or "limb" of the Sun, and the bright regions or "faculae" surrounding the sunspots at lower right. 23 images were taken about 15 minutes apart on a single frame of film, during a period of more than 5 hours. The series of black dots in the upper right hand corner is a multiple exposure of the transit of Mercury. The Sun in visible light, showing a relatively "clear" surface with only a few sunspots. ![]()
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